图源：吟游诗人-狼娘 月巴小鹅 111776313

简述

广义表是线性表的一种推广。线性表要求表中元素拥有统一的类型，而广义表无此限制。需要注意的是，广义表和线性表长度一般认为是有限的，但广义表的深度可以是无限的（即递归表）。

广义表是一种数据结构。对广义表的常见操作包括：

• 创建
• 从字符串形式创建
• 销毁
• 复制
• 取表头
• 取表尾
• 判空
• 求长度
• 求深度
• 从表头插入
• 从表头删除
• 遍历

广义表是Lisp语言的基本数据结构。后文以Common Lisp和C++给出各基本操作的示例。

图源：Magnet - Matcha_ 102235547

本系列笔记为结合了个人理解的非初学者向笔记，包括《CMU 15-462》、《Games 101：现代计算机图形学入门》、《Games 102：几何建模与处理》、《Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 12》等数个知识来源。

什么是计算机图形学

计算机图形学：利用计算机合成视觉信息或利用计算机合成/操控感官信息的学科。

计算机图形学的应用

• 影视
• 动画
• 游戏
• 数据可视化
• 工业设计，平面设计
• 数字绘画
• 虚拟现实
  • 虚拟现实（VR）：指所看到的一切均为虚拟的，比如虚拟现实游戏、虚拟现实视频等。
  • 增强现实（AR）：指看到的是真实的现实 + 虚拟的、对当前现实进行分析处理或修改等生成的虚拟事物，比如Apple ARkit。
  • 混合现实（MR）：VR + AR，使用类似VR的手段，达到AR这种结合当前现实与虚拟事物的效果，比如Hololens。
• 制造业（3D打印）
• 模拟与数字孪生
• 排版与字体设计
  • “The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over The Lazy Dog”：一句有意义的英文句子，内含全部的26个英文字母，常用来对字体（字形、字号、间距等）进行测试。
  • “Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit.”：又叫“乱数假文”或者“哑元文本”。主要的目的为测试文章或文字在不同字型、版型下看起来的效果。更多资料请查阅：https://cn.lipsum.com/。

Image source: 八重神子的花嫁 月巴小鹅 126756408

Brief Introduction

A generalized list is an extension of a linear list. While a linear list requires all elements to be of the same type, a generalized list has no such restriction. It’s important to note that both generalized lists and linear lists are generally considered to have finite lengths, but the depth of a generalized list can be infinite (i.e., a recursive list).

A generalized list is a type of data structure. Common operations on generalized lists include:

• Creation
• Create from string form
• Destroy
• Copy
• Get head
• Get tail
• Check if empty
• Get length
• Get depth
• Insert at head
• Delete from head
• Traverse

Generalized lists are the fundamental data structure in Lisp. Examples of each basic operation are provided in Common Lisp and C++ in the following sections.

Image Source: Eden - Hiten 131135880

This series of notes is a non-beginner-oriented compilation that combines personal understanding, drawing from multiple knowledge sources including CMU 15-462, Games 101: Introduction to Modern Computer Graphics, Games 102: Geometric Modeling and Processing, and Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 12.

What is Computer Graphics

Computer Graphics: The discipline of using computers to synthesize visual information or to synthesize/manipulate sensory information.

Applications of Computer Graphics

• Film and Television
• Animation
• Gaming
• Data Visualization
• Industrial Design, Graphic Design
• Digital Painting
• Virtual Reality
• Virtual Reality (VR): Refers to everything seen being virtual, such as VR games, VR videos, etc.
• Augmented Reality (AR): Refers to seeing the real world combined with virtual elements that analyze, process, or modify the current reality, such as Apple ARkit.
• Mixed Reality (MR): VR + AR, using methods similar to VR to achieve the effect of AR, which combines the current reality with virtual elements, such as Hololens.
• Manufacturing (3D Printing)
• Simulation and Digital Twin
• Typesetting and Font Design
  • “The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over The Lazy Dog”: A meaningful English sentence containing all 26 letters of the alphabet, often used to test fonts (glyphs, font sizes, spacing, etc.).
  • “Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit.”: Also known as “random dummy text” or “placeholder text.” Its primary purpose is to test how articles or text appear in different fonts and layouts. For more information, please visit: https://cn.lipsum.com/.

图源：Anmi - 水族館 83088427

虽然没有固定标准，但一般将C99之后的C语言标准称为“现代C语言”；目前的最新标准为C23；

C23标准中值得注意的变化

以下是一部分我认为比较重要的变化，完整变化列表可以参阅 https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/23 或ISO标准文档。

替代

• <assert.h>中的static_assert()宏被替代，变成了static_assert关键字；
• <threads.h>中的thread_local()宏被替代，变成了thread_local关键字；
• <time.h>中的ctime()函数弃用，请使用ctime_s()替代；
• <time.h>中的asctime()函数弃用，请使用asctime_s()替代；
• <stdnoreturn.h>与_Noreturn标识符均弃用；
• <stdalign.h>中的alignas()和alignof()宏被弃用，请直接使用_Alignas和_Alignof关键字；